Internet Technology

Internet was first used in 1849, which means interconnected or interwoven. [7] In 1974, the word Internet became shorthand for Internetwork.[8] The term Internet is most commonly used to refer to the global network of interconnected computer networks, although it may also refer to any collection of smaller networks.[9] Prior to the widespread use of the term Internet, most publications capitalized the word as a proper noun; this is no longer the case.[9] English, like other languages, has a tendency to capitalize new words and lowercase them as they become more familiar.

History

During the 1960s, the United States Department of Defense’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) funded research into time-sharing computers. In the early 1960s and 1965, Paul Baran and Donald Davies independently researched packet switching, one of the essential components of the Internet.[1][17] The planning for the ARPANET and other resource-sharing networks including the Merit Network and CYCLADES came after the Symposium on Operating Systems Principles in 1967.[18] Leonard Kleinrock and Douglas Engelbart’s NLS system at SRI International connected two network nodes on 29 October 1969 between the UCLA Network Measurement Center and its network in Menlo Park, California..

[19] The third site was the Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics Center at the University of California, Santa Barbara, followed by the University of Utah Graphics Department. In a sign of future growth, 15 sites were connected to the young ARPANET by the end of 1971.[20][21] Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing, a 1972 film, documents these early years of ARPANET. [22] Few international collaborations took place during this period

Governance

There are multiple voluntary interconnected autonomous networks that make up the Internet, which is a global network. There is no central authority overseeing the network. IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) is responsible for the technical underpinnings and standardization of the core protocols (IPv4 and IPv6). IETF is a non-profit association of loosely affiliated international participants that anyone may join by contributing their technical expertise. Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) administers the principal name spaces of the Internet to maintain interoperability.

In addition to its board of directors, ICANN is governed by an international advisory council of experts from the technical, business, academic, and other non-commercial communities. In addition to domain names and IP addresses. ICANN coordinates a wide range of parameters related to unique identifiers for use on the Internet, including application port numbers in transport protocols. In order to maintain the global reach of the Internet, globally unified name spaces are essential. As a result of its role, ICANN is perhaps the only central coordinating body for the global Internet

Infrastructure Internet Technology

Individual networks are connected to the Internet by various types of Internet service providers (ISPs). The bottom of the routing hierarchy consists of end-users who use the Internet only when necessary to perform a function or obtain information. Routers in the tier 1 network category are large telecommunication companies that exchange traffic directly with one another over very fast fibre optic cables. They are also governed by peering agreements.

In Tier 2 and lower levels, networks purchase transit from other providers to reach at least some of the global Internet, though they may also peer with other networks. Connectivity may be provided by a single upstream provider, or via multihoming for redundancy at Internet exchange points, which have physical connections to several Internet service providers.

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